KCSE Past Papers 2018 Agriculture Paper 2 (443/2)

1. State six characteristics of a good breeding stock.(3 marks)

• Young;

• Healthy;

• Prolific;

• High performer/yielder;

• Free from physical deformities;

• Fertile;

• Proper body conformation;

• Adapted to local conditions;

• Good mothering ability

• ;2. State four reasons for maintaining farm tools and equipment.(2 marks)
  

• Ensure efficiency;

• Make them durable;

• Reduce replacement costs;

• Avoid injury to the user;

• 3. State four reasons why a calf should be fed on colostrum.(2 marks)
  

• Highly digestible;

• Highly nutritious;

• Contains antibodies which boost immunity; Has laxative effect;

• Highly palatable;

• 4. Give two reasons for growing grass around a fish pond.(1 marks)
  

• Stabilize the banks;

• Attract insects which lay eggs that hatch into larvae for fish food;5. Name four systems of poultry rearing. (2 marks)
  

• Free range;

• Deep litter;

• Fold;

• Battery cage;6. State three advantages of conterriporary comparison method of selecting breeding stock.(1½ marks)
  

• It is possible to compare animals of different age groups;

• Eliminates differences due to environmental factors;

• It is possible to compare bulls of different artificial insemination centres; It is accurate;7. Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock breeding: (a) close breeding (½ mark)
  

• Close breeding:- Breeding of closely related animals;

• (b) line breeding (½ mark)
  

• Line breeding:- Mating of distantly related animals that share a common ancestry;(c) out crossing (½ mark)
  

• (c) Out crossing:- Mating of unrelated animals within the same breed;

• (d) cross breeding (½ mark)
  

• Cross breeding:- Mating of two animals of different breeds;8. State four livestock rearing practices undertaken in a crush to control parasites and diseases.(2 marks)
  

• Vaccination;

• Deworming;

• Hoof trimming;

• Spraying;

• Dehorning;

• Treatment/injection;9. Name the dairy cattle breed that (a) produces the highest milk yield in kilograms (½ mark) (a) - Friesian; (b) is fawn/brown coloured with white colour on the face, legs below knees and hocks, tail switch and flanks (½ mark)
  

• - Guernsey;(c) is most suitable for marginal areas with poor pastures. (½ mark)
  

• Jersey;10. Distinguish between each of the following breeding practices: (a) clutching and ringing (1 mark) (a) Crutching:- Cutting of wool around the external reproductive organ of a female sheep to facilitate mating while Ringing:- Trimming of wool around the sheath of the penis in rams to facilitate mating; (b) tupping and serving (1 mark) (b) Tapping:- Act of mating in goats and sheep; Serving:- Act of mating in cattle and pigs; 11. What is a predisposing factor of a disease?(1 mark) Conditions which lead to the animal contracting a disease 12. State four candling qualities of good eggs for incubation. (2 marks)
  

• Fertile (has germinal disk; black spot);

• Free from blood spots; Large air space;

• Free of hair cracks;

• Free of excessively porous shell; Free of broken shells;

• 13. Apart from the roof, name four other parts of a building that can be constructed using wood. (2 marks)
  

• Floor;

• Ceiling;

• Door;

• Windows14. State four symptoms of internal parasite infestation in livestock. (2 mark)
  

• Starring coat;

• Eggs and parasites seen in faeces;

• General emaciation; Diarrhoea;

• Pot-bellies; Anaemia; Anorexia;

• Dehydration/pale mucosa15. State the functional difference between the following: (a) cross-cut saw and rip saw (1 mark)
  

• Rip saw: - cuts along the grain of wood.

• Cross-cut saw — cuts across the grain of wood;

• (b) wood chisel and cold chisel (1 marks)
  

• Wood chisel — cutting grooves/chopping rough wood surface;

• Cold chisel — cutting thick sheets of metal.

• 16. Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock health: (a) predisposing factor (1 mark)
  

• Conditions inside or outside the animal body which make it to contract a disease;(b) incubation period (1 mark)
  

• Is the duration between the time of infection and the time the first symptoms show up;SECTION B (20 marks) Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 17. The diagram below shows a livestock parasite. (a) Identify the parasite.(1 mark)

• Tapeworm(b) Explain how the parasite is passed from (i) livestock to human beings(1 mark)
  

• Ingestion of bladder worm;

• (ii) human beings to livestock(1 mark)
  

• Ingestion of eggs (proglottids) passed in human faeces during grazing/feeding;(c) Explain two control measures for the parasite in a zero grazing unit.(2 mark)
  

• Use of antihelmintics/deworming to kill endo-parasites;

• Proper hygiene in the unit;

• Proper use of latrines to prevent contamination by infected faeces;

• Proper cooking of meat to destroy bladder worms;

• Use of clean feed, feeders, water and watchers to prevent contamination;18. The diagram below illustrates a tractor drawn implement. (a) Identify the implement (1 mark)

• Disc plough(b) Name the part labelled H and I(1 mark) H - Beam; I - Lower link attachment point; (c) State one function of the part labelled K(1 mark) Counteracts the thrust by the discs to balance the plough;/helps to adjust the depth of ploughing; (d) Explain why the implement is suitable for ploughing areas with hidden stones. (1 mark) The discs are able to roll over obstacles; 19. A farmer is required to prepare 200 kg of dairy meal containing 18% digestible crude protein (DCP). Using the Pearson’s Square Method, calculate the quantity of sunflower seed cake (34% DCP) and maize germ (7% DCP) the farmer requires for the dairy meal. (5 marks) 20. The diagram below represents a practice of identifying livestock on a farm. (a) ldentify the practice(1 mark)Ear notching; (b) Determine the number that identifies the animal represented by the illustration (1 mark) 155 (c) Draw a diagram of the animal identified by the number 148 on the farm. (1 mark) (d) Give two reasons why this method of identification is discouraged in livestock rearing. (2 marks)

• The notching is painful to the animal;

• Notched wounds cause secondary infections;

• SECTION C (40 marks) Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 23. 21. (a) Describe how natural incubation is set up and managed.(8 mark)
  

• Provide the broody hen with a nesting box which should be spacious to allow movement of the hen;

• Provide nesting material in the nesting box to maintain warmth;

• Provide the broody hen with 10 — 15 eggs; Keep the nest in a dry; and well-ventilated area;

• Provide the hen with balanced feed and water;

• Dust the hen with appropriate insecticides to control external parasites;

• Allow the hen to go out at least once to exercise and feed;

• Do not disturb the hen when the eggs start hatching;(b) Describe the management of growers in poultry rearing.(5 mark)
  

• Provide adequate floor space, feeders, and waterers;

• Provide litter on the floor up to 15cm deep; Provide growers mash adlib;

• Provide plenty fresh water;

• Dust the birds with appropriate insecticides to control external parasites; Keep the litter dry to avoid dampness;

• Provide grit or oyster shells towards the end of growers stage/at 12 weeks;

• Gradually introduce layers’ mash from the 16th week until it completely replaces growers’ mash at 18th — 19th week.

• (c) Describe seven possible sources of power on a farm.(7 mark)
  

• Human power:- Working directly or utilizing their capacity of organization;

• Animal power e.g. donkeys, oxen camels for cultivation and transportation;

• Wind power e.g. for winnowing, pumping water and turning turbines; Water power e.g. driving turbines to produce HEP driving maize grinding mills and pumping water; Biomass e.g. Biogas, wood or charcoal;

• Solar radiation in photosynthesis, drying crops, generate electricity, etc; Electric power from geothermal, hydropower and nuclear stations, battery;

• Fossil fuel:- petroleum, coal, natural gas, etc;

• Tractor:- Bums petrol or diesel to produce power which is transmitted and used in different ways;22. (a) Describe pneumonia disease under the following sub-headings: (i) causal organism(1 mark) Bacteria/virus/HycopIasma mycoides, Dust and worms in the lungs; (ii) animals affected(2 mark)
  

• Calves;

• kids;

• lambs;

• piglets;

• poultry;(iii) predisposing factors(2 mark)
  

• Poor ventilation;

• Overcrowding;

• Age

• young animals;

• Diarrhoea and other illnesses;

• (iv) symptoms(5 mark) Dullness;

• Loss of appetite;

• Starring coat;

• Emaciation;

• Rapid breathing;

• Fluctuating body temperature; Nasal mucous discharge;

• If chest is pressed, animal starts coughing(v) control measures.(3 mark)
  

• Keep young animals in warm houses;

• Proper sanitation;

• Isolation;

• Treatment using antibiotics;

• (b) Explain seven housing requirements for a calf.(7 mark)
  

• Concrete/slatted floor to facilitate cleaning;

• Spacious to allow exercise, feeding and watering;

• Single housing to prevent licking of one another/ skin infections and spread of worms;

• Well lit to facilitate synthesis of vitamin D;

• Well drained to prevent dampness which predisposes the calf to infections;

• Free from draughts: Solid on the wind ward side to prevent entry of cold winds;

• Leak proof to avoid dampness/wetness which encourages infections;23. (a) State five signs of heat in cattle.(5 mark)
  

• Restlessness;

• Mounting others and stands still when mounted;

• Slight rise in temperature; Slight drop in milk yield;

• Vulva swells and becomes reddish;

• Clear or slimy mucus discharge from vagina; Frequent mowing;(b) State five advantages a spray race has over a plunge dip.(5 mark)
  

• Suitable for pregnant and sick animals;

• Animals do not swallow the acaricide wash; Spraying is faster;

• It is less laborious;

• Acaricide wash is not wasted as it is recycled

• (c) Give five reasons for maintaining livestock healthy.(5 mark)
  

• Healthy animals grow fast and mature early;

• Animals give a longer productive life;

• Produce good quality products;

• Give maximum production/performance; Prevent spread of diseases;

• Healthy animals are economical to keep;

• (d) Explain five factors that determine the amount of food eaten by a livestock animal. (5 marks)

• Body size or weight of the animal; large animals eat more food;

• Environmental conditions where the animals is; animals in cold areas require more food;

• Physiological condition of the animal; lactating animals require more food;

• Level of production:- High producers also require more food;

• Purpose for which the animal is kept; animal kept as a pet requires less food than the one kept for production or performance;